Academic Paper / Article

Women are underrepresented in most elected and appointed positions in local government in the United States.

Gender quotas have diffused rapidly around the globe in recent decades, suggesting widespread and dramatic transformations in women's access to political power.

Gender quotas are a means to improve women’s political representation. This article examines the impact of Jordan’s municipal quota enacted in 2007. The quota drew into the political arena women who would otherwise not have run for office.

Inclusive politics remains an elusive goal in Pakistan, which has a history of military interference in governance institutions, unstable elected governments and internecine conflict.

Recent years have witnessed a troubling rise in reports of assault, intimidation, and abuse directed at politically active women.

Latin America has been at the vanguard in implementing diverse strategies to combat violence against women in politics (VAWIP). In 2012, Bolivia became the first country to criminalize “political violence and harassment against women” with Law 243.

Election violence is an important issue from a number of perspectives.

Violence against women in politics (VAWP) is a human rights violation, as it prevents the realization of political rights.

This article conceptualizes an innovative understanding and measurement of women’s political leadership, theoretically justifies its application, and analyzes contemporary variation in its patterns through comparative case studies.