Parliaments & Representatives

Nearly 60 female lawmakers in Japan, including the prime minister, Sanae Takaichi, have submitted a petition calling for more toilets in the parliament building for women to match their improved representation.

Japanese politics remains hugely male-dominated, although the number of women in the parliament rose at the last election – and Takaichi became the first female prime minister in October. This is reflected by there being only one lavatory containing two cubicles for the lower house’s 73 women to use near the Diet’s main plenary session hall in central Tokyo.

“Before plenary sessions start, truly so many women lawmakers have to form long queues in front of the restroom,” said Yasuko Komiyama, from the opposition Constitutional Democratic party.

She was speaking after submitting the cross-party petition signed by 58 women to Yasukazu Hamada, the chair of the lower house committee on rules and administration, earlier this month.

The Diet building was finished in 1936, nearly a decade before women got the vote in December 1945 after Japan’s defeat in the second world war. The entire lower house building has 12 men’s toilets with 67 stalls and nine women’s facilities with a total of 22 cubicles, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper.

Japan ranked 118 out of 148 this year in the World Economic Forum’s global gender gap report. Women are also grossly under-represented in business and the media.

Full article.

Tirana, 15 December 2025 – Media monitoring of Albania’s 2025 parliamentary elections found persistent gender imbalances and violence against women in politics, particularly in media coverage and online discourse.

The monitoring, conducted by Equality in Decision Making and BIRN Albania with the support of UN Women and the Government of Sweden, analysed online media, television and social media platforms during the campaign and post-election period. The report shows that women candidates, Members of Parliament and ministers were more frequently targeted with sexist language, personal attacks and discriminatory narratives, especially in digital spaces.

“Gender equality in politics is not only a women’s issue; it is a matter of democracy, representation, and citizens’ trust in institutions. A democracy in which half of society remains on the margins of decision-making cannot be considered a full democracy,” said the Deputy Speaker of Parliament, Ms. Klodiana Spahiu. She added that the monitoring report should not be seen as a critique, but rather as a tool for reflection and action aimed at improving the current situation.

Women accounted for 38.9 per cent of all candidates and secured 35 per cent of parliamentary mandates, yet they won only 25 per cent of mandates through preferential voting. Their media visibility also remained significantly limited. Across 41 national and local television stations monitored by the Audiovisual Media Authority during the campaign, male candidates accounted for 89.8 per cent of airtime, compared to just 10.2 per cent for female candidates. This stark imbalance was consistent across all broadcasters and program types, leaving women candidates with far less visibility to explain their campaign platforms.”

“Albania continues to benefit from positive women representation both in parliament and central government. Yet, their ability to substantively share leadership and decision making around key national priorities is profoundly compounded by negative gender stereotypes, little to no access to the media, as well as online violence. When a woman runs for office, she faces the irony of being a lot less visible, and a lot more exposed”, said Michele Ribotta, UN Women Representative in Albania.

“The report presents a fact-based analysis that contributes to a deeper understanding of how the electoral process, within the media and digital environment, shapes women’s political participation in Albania. While positive regulatory developments have been recorded, women politicians continue to face both long-standing and emerging challenges that undermine their opportunities for meaningful and equal engagement”, said Erik Illes – Head of Development Cooperation at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).

The pre and post campaign period was characterized by recurring gender bias and online violent attacks against women candidates, including sexist language, personal insults and discrediting narratives, often focusing on physical appearance, private life or preconceived moral judgments, rather than on their political positions. Such practices contribute to a hostile environment that discourages women’s engagement and participation, narrowing the scope of the democratic debate.

Following the elections, women were assigned 47.1 per cent of ministerial spots in the new Government, confirming Albania’s strong record of equal gender participation in central cabinet positions.

Original post.

Marigona Shabiu, executive director at YIHR

In Kosovo, women’s participation in politics is often presented as a success story. The 30 percent gender quota, the increase in the number of women in the Assembly, and their presence in municipal assemblies are regularly cited as evidence of democratic progress. In the last legislature, women made up over a third of the members of the Assembly, a figure that on paper positions Kosovo better than many countries in the region. However, beyond the statistics and official statements, the political reality remains much more complex, especially when this participation is viewed from the perspective of youth and other marginalized groups.

From our many years of experience at Youth Initiative for Human Rights - Kosovo (YIHR KS), it is clear that women’s political representation does not automatically translate into a policy that speaks for and with young people. Young women and men in Kosovo continue to perceive politics as a closed, hierarchical and often hostile space to critical thinking. This sense of distance is particularly pronounced among young people from non-majority communities, LGBTIQ+ young people, people with disabilities and those living in poverty or marginalized areas. For many young people, women’s representation in institutions is not necessarily seen as representing their interests, especially when policies continue to be produced without an inclusive approach.

In the discussions we have with young people in cities and rural areas, a silent question often arises: are women in politics truly allies of youth, or simply part of the same system that reproduces exclusion? This dilemma is not an accusation, but a critical reflection on the way our political culture works and on the limits of a representation that remains largely formal.

Full article here.

1912: New Mexico becomes the 47th state admitted to the Union. 

1917: Suffragist Nina Otero-Warren is appointed superintendent of Santa Fe County schools. She would win a race to retain the position in 1918.

1919: Congress passes the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote. It guarantees “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”

1920: After years of advocacy by local suffragists like Otero Warren, the New Mexico Legislature votes to ratify the 19th Amendment. By August 1920, at least two-thirds of states adopted the constitutional amendment, making it the law of the land. 

Full article here.

Would you take a job where abuse and violence were almost guaranteed? This is the reality of modern political life, making it less appealing to women - especially younger women - leading to even less representative democracies. But it doesn’t have to be this way. Parliaments around the world are taking practical steps to prevent violence, protect women, and prosecute offenders.

Read the full article here.

1.  Why Women’s Political Participation and Representation Matters

Women’s equal participation and representation in political life is fundamental to inclusive democracy, responsive governance, and sustainable development. Despite global commitments and some progress, women across South Asia remain significantly underrepresented in decision-making roles particularly in legislative leadership, executive office, and youth political spaces.

At the current pace, gender parity in national legislatures will not be achieved before 2063, and parity among Heads of Government may take until 2150¹.

2. Key Facts & Regional Snapshot

Global & South Asia Overview

• Women in national parliaments (global): 27.2%

• South Asia average:

  • Lower/Unicameral Houses: 14.7%

  • Upper Houses: 19.9%

• South Asian countries with women in top government leadership: India, Sri Lanka

Key Takeaway

Advancing women’s political participation and representation in South Asia requires more than quotas. Sustainable change depends on transforming social norms that fundamentally define the role of women in the politics. Only through transformative gender social norms can we address critical issues like violence against women in politics, and create an inclusive political space for all, contributing to a strong democratic system. 

Full snapshot available here.

1. UN Commission on the Status of Women 65th Session on Women’s full and effective participation and decision-making in public life, as well as the elimination of violence, for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls: agreed conclusions E/CN.6/2021/3