Parliaments & Representatives

The current French parliament has the most women it has ever had: 224 women were elected in June, out of 577 seats. This is mostly due to president Emmanuel Macron, who pushed for more women to run for office. But the rest of the French political landscape remains resolutely male, despite parity laws. RFI’s Sarah Elzas attended a yearly conference for female politicians to find out what is holding women back.

Click here to listen to her report aired on RFI English on 27 November 2017. 

Nearly 40 percent of Colorado lawmakers are women, and the state has a history of women in powerful jobs. Reporter Bente Birkeland of the radio station KUNC asked about sexual harassment in the Colorado statehouse — and found a problem.

Click here to listen to her findings presented on NPR on 19 December 2017.  

Tuesday’s election of an unprecedented number of women, gender non-conforming and minority candidates was a powerful renunciation of the ugly rhetoric of Donald Trump’s campaign and misbegotten critiques of “identity politics.” Exactly one year after Donald Trump’s election, voters demonstrated support for a powerful coalition that represents the Democratic party’s greatest strength and potential.

These victories were the result of hard work and perseverance, but they were also the result of bravery. Many of the people who won this week, transgender candidates, ethnic minority candidates and women who no prior electoral experience, belong to marginalized groups that are routinely targeted, online and off, with hostility and hatred. In 2016, an Inter-Parliamentary Union study of women in legislatures around the world found that:

• 41.8 percent report wide distribution of “extremely humiliating or sexually charged images;
• 44.4 percent receive death, rape, beating and abduction threats; and
• 32.7 percent harassed through exposure to persistent unwanted and intimidating messages.

Almost two-thirds of the women, 61.5 percent, believe that the primary objective of the harassment they face is to intimidate women and dissuade them from pursuing political leadership position.

Women’s harassment, whether they are in politics or not, tends to be more sustained and sexualized, often including the pornification of women as a political weapon. It also often includes explicit threats against their families and children. Studies show that online harassment is more emotionally resonant for women who, offline, have to be more vigilant about their safety.

Click here to read the full article published by The Huffington Post on 9 November 2017.

 

iKNOW Politics contributor Uday Nagaraju met CPA Secretary-General H.E  Akbar Khan and discussed CPA’s objectives, achievements and goals in gender equality, women’s empowerment and political participation. CPA is an association of Parliaments of  52 Independent nations which includes advanced economies and developing countries.  

1. Equitable participation of women in politics and policy making is pivotal in achieving overall gender equality. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union figures, the world average of women parliamentarians in lower or single houses is 23.1% and Common Wealth nations have an average of 22.2% which is low compared to the population. How do you think this can be improved?

Democracy is about the daily life of a nation; and Parliaments sit at the centre of society representing a web of accountability reaching into the executive and the other branches of government, to the public and political parties. 

They are central to leading change by mirroring gender equality and inclusion of all sections of our societies in their composition. This not only ensures participatory decision making but engenders legitimacy and public confidence in our democratic institutions.   

Disappointingly, only 18% of all Commonwealth Parliamentarians are women, leaving 82% who are men.  The need for action has been recognised by Commonwealth Heads of Government who, set a target of 30% female representation in Commonwealth legislatures. 

The results thus far are mixed:

• 2 Commonwealth Parliaments have over 50% female representation
• 8 have over 40% female representation
• 22 Parliaments have between 20-30% female representations 
• Of particular concern, 17 Commonwealth legislatures have no women Members at all!  

The under-representation or marginalisation of women and other social groups, including minorities, and the disabled, I would submit is not only unjust and unequal, but also undermines the legitimacy of our democratic institutions.  

Key to the increase of women legislators includes:

• Education – reaching out to boys and girls to sensitise them about the importance of gender equality in parliament
• Tackling the barriers that prevent women from entering public office such as violence against women, or parliaments which are not gender sensitive at all
• Making Parliament more female friendly -  one of the key barriers is a parliament that is not gender sensitive
• Encouraging political parties to take a greater role in sourcing women candidates
• Media – tackling the media when it attacks women for the way they look, rather than their policies
• Quotas – although this is not always a viable option for all, the introduction of quotas can help augment the number of women MPs 

2. Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) works for better female representation in Parliaments and mainstreaming of gender considerations in all CPA activities. Can you explain the work of CWP and its achievements?

The CWP was established in 1989 and has enjoyed 20 years of continuous evolution and progress. 2004 was a watershed moment for CWP as it was provided with a governance structure and elected its first Chairperson.  The current Chairperson is the Hon Dr Dato Noraini Ahmad MP, Malaysia. 

The mission statement of the CWP provides that ‘the CWP as an integral part of the CPA, works for the better representation of women in legislatures and for the furtherance of gender equality across the Commonwealth’. 

As a network of women Parliamentarians with the strategic purpose to increase female representation in Parliament and Legislatures in the Commonwealth, the CWP seeks to encourage women to stand for election by removing the barriers to their participation and to facilitate their professional contribution as Members. Furthermore the CWP seeks to ensure that gender continues to be mainstreamed across all activities to assist legislatures to exceed the CHOGM target of at least 30% women in decision making positons across all representative bodies in the Commonwealth. 

It has had many achievements during it’s time, but here are a few examples of its work and priorities: 

• Education is key - Engaging in intergenerational work 

Sensitising young women (and men) to what it takes to be a parliamentarian. The Canadian CWP have partnered with the Girl Guides to develop a ‘Girls in Government’ badge which is designed to raise awareness of the importance of female representation in public office. The CPA also visits schools across the Commonwealth talking about Commonwealth Values such as diversity, development and democracy and we also take at length about the importance of having gender equality in our parliaments and legislatures 

• Mentoring and supporting women in office

Once women enter parliament, CWP aims to support them – it can be an intimidating and overwhelming experience entering office for the first time. Navigating the complexities of parliament is not an easy task. Women in the Pacific Region have focused heavily on establishing a mentoring scheme between New Zealand MPs and Pacific Island MPs. The aim is to support women in office and, to help keep them in office by supporting them to make a greater impact when there. 

• Tackling issues head on 

CWP has engaged in a great deal of work to help tackle many issues affecting women that can also serve as a barrier to their political participation. The CWP identified political violence against women as a key priority for its work. The CWP held to crucial events last year to raise the profile of this issue and to make recommendations for parliamentarians on steps they can take towards the eradication of political violence against women, such as seeking to introduce stand-alone legislation that properly addresses political violence against women and to undertake audits of existing discriminatory legislation and its negative impact in perpetuating or contributing to violence against women. 

• Seeking to influence people in leadership – Engaging government ministries such as Women’s Affairs  

The CWP has held multiple platforms in the past at the Commonwealth Women’s Affairs Ministerial Meeting which sets the gender agenda for the Commonwealth. Bringing a parliamentary perspective to these meeting has been critical – as legislators can often be overlooked. 

CWP also participated in the first event Commonwealth Women Leaders Summits which took place in London, in July last year. The Summit brought together members of Executives, Parliaments, Civil Society, Business and more to talk about priorities for improving the lives of women across the Commonwealth. 

• Gender Caucuses

Globally, over 80 parliamentary women’s or gender caucuses have been created since 1995 – support for, such initiatives are incredibly high, as is the growing acceptance for the inclusion of men within such structure underscoring the need for men to be aware of and shoulder their responsibilities with respect to gender equality. 

There is clear evidence from the experience of Rwanda and other Gender Caucuses that the inclusion of men has helped to avoid caucuses becoming marginalised, and indeed have contributed to them becoming a prominent institution within Parliament. 

The establishment of gender caucuses is often a vital ingredient in bringing greater equality between men and women in the daily operations of parliament as a democratic institution. 

The CWP, where appropriate, support the establishment and work of gender caucuses. Just last Month on March 20th, the Mauritius National Assembly launched its gender caucus and the CWP looks forward to supporting its work. 

• Male Champions

As part of the CWP’s new strategy, the CWP will seek to engage male champions of change to support the CWP’s mission to achieve gender parity in Commonwealth Parliaments and Legislatures. It is critical that men carry to torch for gender equality. 

3. CPA recently conducted a Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians working Group meeting in UK and discussed gender priorities for 2017. Can you tell us about the outcome of the meet and its action plan?

The Working Group was convened following the appointment of Hon Dr Dato Noraini Ahmad MP (Malaysia) as the new CWP Chairperson, as a means to establish a strategic plan for the duration of her three-year tenure. 

The Working Group also allowed for the CWP Chairperson to meet with the CWP Steering Committee Members as well as the wider membership, reinforcing the strong working relationship within the group, developing mutual understanding of the issues faced in different regions of the Commonwealth, identify unique challenges, and highlight instances of overlap. 

The Working Group also allowed for discussions around instances of good practice and successes both regionally and in Branches, whilst also acknowledging barriers and disappointments in looking to increase gender representation. Through these discussions, pathways and potential hurdles to success were to be identified, whilst simultaneously identifying what success for CWP in fact looks like. 

The Working Group agreed on six priorities for the CWP including 

1. CWP Communications and Profile Raising
2. Research – this will include the gathering of key pieces of research and disseminating these across the network, as well as developing CWP’s own research on the levels of female representation across the Commonwealth and of women in positions of leadership – this is critical data if we are to be able to measure progress and the impact of our work.
3. Promoting Partnerships with International Organisations
4. CWP Alumni – this is a key feature of the new strategy plan. Once women parliamentarians have left office we immediately lose a wealth of knowledge and experience. The Alumni will serve to assist the CWP in harnessing this knowledge and providing a platform for former women parliamentarians to share with and mentor sitting women MPs to support them in their work
5. Building Capacity in the CWP Regions – taking into account the unique nuances of each CPA region, the CWP will be encouraged and empowered through the provision of a small amount of money to support activities to help strengthen CWP’s impact
6. CWP leveraging its position in CPA Programmes – the CWP will continue to encourage the mainstreaming of gender in all of CPA’s parliamentary strengthening programmes

The CWP also identified three thematic priorities to support the aims and objectives of the CWP. These are: violence against women; women’s economic empowerment; and, women in leadership. The thematic areas cut across all the work of CWP and become a feature of CWP’s work more generally. 

The Strategic Plan provides a framework for CWP to identify its achievements, acknowledge its thematic priorities, strategically assess the challenges it encounters, build alliances, and undertake action across the CPA and beyond in order to ensure that both men and women are equally involved in decision making in legislatures of the Commonwealth, and that women Parliamentarians are supported in their work. 

The strategy will be supported by collaboration with key partners including international organisations and the Commonwealth family, an extremely valuable tool for the CWP as it seeks to strengthen its position and work. By actively seeking new partnerships for the CWP, we will create greater impact and a multiplier effect in advocating for gender parity in Commonwealth legislatures.

4. In your personal opinion why is equitable participation of women in parliaments and policy making important? 

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, launched the 2017 Theme of a ‘Peace-Building’ Commonwealth on Commonwealth Day.   Her Majesty explained ‘that the cornerstones on which peace are founded are, quite simply, respect and understanding for one another. Working together, we build peace by defending the dignity of every individual and community. By upholding justice and the rule of law, and by striving for societies that are fair and offer opportunities for all, we overcome division and find reconciliation, so that the benefits of progress and prosperity may be multiplied and shared’.  

Increasing the number of women parliamentarians and building their capacity to make a greater impact on enhancing gender equality in my view is a perfect demonstration of the values expressed by Her Majesty that only through respect and understanding and by working together, we defend the dignity of each individual and create fairer societies for all. 

The growing evidence is that Institutions committed to gender equality can have a powerful multiplier effect across the spectrum of development, whether health, education, labour markets and other areas that will lower poverty and increase prosperity 

Against a backdrop of a renewed global commitment to gender equality and the new development agenda, particularly Sustainable Development Goal 5 on Gender Equality, there is a keen focus on bridging the gender gap and securing equality for men and women in social, economic and political spheres. 

As the World Bank Development Report of 2016 notes, societies have made enormous progress in improving the socioeconomic conditions for large groups of people over the last century, but such a positive performance often hides the inequalities and persistent disparity in social and economic achievement of some groups. 

Based on the evidence two groups that continue to suffer inequality across the world are women and girls. 

Gender inequalities remain still very deep rooted in some societies. Women still face a gender wage gap, suffer from lack of access to decent work, denied access to basic education and health care and with girls, are often the victims of violence and discrimination.  

Although historically, women have shown considerable resilience in the face of adversity and a strong ability to mobilise for change, the fact still remain that women’s vulnerability increases when policies and initiatives necessary to address their needs are not created or implemented. 

Rural women in particular often lack the necessary visibility and support to enable effective participation in decision making and face more significant deprivation and marginalisation. 

Improvements in gender representation in Parliaments is critical but of itself is often not enough to translate into a stronger voice for women with party political allegiance often setting the agenda on gender issues. This has resulted in a continuing lack of progress in advancing women’s sexual, economic and social rights.  

It is therefore essential that educational, religious and traditional systems all work together with parliamentarians to empower and advocate on behalf of women in order to create a critical mass to achieve strengthened initiatives that challenge biases and support inclusive governance[1]. 

I recently read a very powerful statement on a poster of a female activist which sums up in stark terms why equitable participation of women in parliaments and policy making is so important. It stated ‘Without women’s equal participation, democracy is incomplete’.

5. What role should male leaders supportive of gender parity in politics play towards achieving it? 

As the statistics I referred to earlier state, men make up the majority in almost all Commonwealth parliaments and legislatures. 

In this light, we cannot afford to rely exclusively on women to lead change on gender equality and therefore the need to engage men, especially men in positions of influence and power to step up and make a stand for a gender parity in the Commonwealth, is critical.

The CWP, as part of its new strategy advocates for the identification of a male champion of change to carry the torch for gender equality in each of the CPA’s regions and to work alongside CWP to advance gender equality and lead action to accelerate progress. 

The CWP and CPA also hope to introduce a programme for male parliamentarians delivered by male parliamentarians, on the importance of gender representation, gender sensitive policy development and budgeting and gender specific economic developments. 

 

Link for CWP Strategic plan for 2017 to 2019 

https://issuu.com/theparliamentarian/docs/cwp_strategic_plan_2017-2019_final_  

[1] See Commonwealth Foundation ‘Commonwealth Insights Discussion Paper on Women, Agency and Responsive Governance’ CPF 2015 Series.

The Parliamentary Women’s Caucus launched on 25 the of August 2013 represents a political step that aims at enhancing the role of Jordanian women in the parliament through establishing a nucleus for united women’s approach under the dome to promote national priorities and women’s issues which would positively affect women’s representation in decision-making positions. 

Based on the parliament’s belief in the importance of continuing in supporting the Parliamentary Women’s Caucus, and the important role of civil society organizations and women organizations it is essential to develop mechanisms for establishing and empowering the cooperation and coordination between the caucus and these organizations to achieve mutual national goals.

NDI has provided ongoing support to empower Jordanian women to more effectively engage in the political process, in partnership with key institutions such as USAID Takamol and The Jordanian National Commission for Women.

Be confident and don't succumb to "imposter syndrome". Bangladeshi-born British member of Parliament Rushanara Ali offered her advice on International Women's Day 2017 to The Economist.